State of the Park Report

Internationally important and locally distinctive wildlife and habitats

# Habitats

Habitats are a fundamental aspect of the PDNP, forming the iconic landscapes that characterise the area and supporting the wide range of species that live here. They also provide many public goods such as clean air and water.

PDNP habitats are of great importance and include 15 types of priority habitat. The mosaic of habitat types is also of significance. Due to species’ reliance on habitats to provide them with places to live, feed and breed, the fate of habitats and species is interconnected. Habitats are not isolated, singular entities but form part of a larger ecosystem, with many species relying on multiple habitats at different stages of their life cycle [1]

# Woodlands

of the Peak District has tree coverage, which is below the total UK woodland coverage of 13%

The PDNP is notable for its general scarcity of woodlands, with around 8% tree coverage [2]: below the UK woodland coverage of 13% [3] and well below the global average of around 30% [4].

Forestry Commission © 2019 National Forest Inventory Woodland Map – Areas of woodland

Woodland type Area (ha) in the PDNP % of total area of woodland
Broadleaved 6,624 55.2%
Conifer 3,461 28.8%
Felled 587 4.9%
Young trees 249 2.1%
Other 1,084 9%
Total 12,005 100%

Note: the National Forest Inventory maps the extent and location of all woodland over 0.5ha in size and at least 20m in width. The PDNP Authority database records all woodland areas regardless of size.

While all three NCAs in the PDNP have a scarcity of woodland, there is some variation in the extent and type of tree cover. Woodland coverage is around 10% in the Dark Peak, 8% in the South West Peak and 6% in the White Peak [2:1]. There is less coniferous woodland in the White Peak than the Dark or South West Peak. According to Natural England figures, only 1% of the PDNP is covered by ancient woodland; 1,417ha is ancient and semi-natural woodland and 689ha is plantation on ancient woodland [5].

65% of PDNP woodland is managed and Natural England records show that 562ha of woodland is included in 115 agreements:

  • 213ha option to maintain the wood
  • 340ha restoration
  • 9ha creation of new woodland [2:2].

What are the gaps in our research & data?

  • Extent of veteran trees in non-Derbyshire parts of the PDNP and the importance of veteran trees in parkland
  • Likely impact of ash dieback in the White Peak (already underway) and potential mitigation
  • Extent and condition of important hedgerows and scrub habitats
  • Survey remaining elm trees to assess health and likelihood of resistance to Dutch elm disease, plus other scarce tree species for use as potential parent trees in woodland diversification or creation
  • Monitoring of small woodland creation and management.

# Upland mixed ashwood

There is currently 868ha of upland mixed ashwood mapped in the PDNP. It is a priority habitat under Section 41 of the NERC Act 2006 and of international importance for its flora and fauna [2:3]. Almost all upland mixed ashwood (99%) is found in the White Peak.

84% of upland mixed ashwood in the PDNP is protected within SSSIs, being found almost exclusively in the dales, and some as County Wildlife Sites. However, this habitat is limited in its extent, confined to the limestone of the White Peak and often fragmented and isolated from other woodland. Only a small proportion of what might once have been present remains [2:4].

Despite this, the ash woodlands of the White Peak form the largest extent of ravine woods in Britain [6]. PDNP ashwoods are on average 70% ash (47-93% range), so their character is likely to change dramatically in the coming years due to ash dieback.

Research is currently underway on the likely impacts of ash dieback in this area. Of 97 plots that are being monitored by Natural England, mean cover of ash within the canopy was 64%; however, 34 plots contained only ash in the canopy [7].

# Upland oakwood

There is currently 1,565ha upland oakwood mapped in the PDNP. Upland oakwood is a priority habitat under Section 41 of the NERC Act 2006. This is an internationally important habitat and part of the designation for the South Pennines SAC.

Upland oakwoods are mainly comprised of sessile oak, birch, rowan and holly, and support species such as wood warbler, pied flycatcher, hairy-eyed wood ant and purple hairstreak butterfly. They are more widespread than ashwoods, being found in the Dark Peak and South West Peak, but are often small and isolated [2:5].

# Lowland mixed deciduous woodland

There is currently 735ha of lowland mixed deciduous woodland mapped in the PDNP. Lowland mixed deciduous woodland is a priority habitat under Section 41 of the NERC Act 2006. There is an additional 2ha of woodland mapped that is classed as semi-natural, but not as a priority habitat.

Most areas are small and fragmented, with average size only 3ha. However, they usually form part of other larger woodland areas. Almost all this habitat type is semi-natural, arising from ancient woodland or natural regeneration of previously cleared sites.

# Wet woodland

There is only 92ha of wet woodland priority habitat mapped, mostly in the Dark Peak and South West Peak. Areas tend to be small – the largest continuous areas are a maximum of 10ha, but most occur within habitat complexes with other woodland types and moorland. It is likely that much wet woodland habitat has been lost through general land drainage works and intensive forestry.

Wet woodland occurs on permanently wet or seasonally wet soils and usually consists of willows, alders and downy birch. It can support a rich ground flora and invertebrate assemblage not found widely elsewhere, including fungi, lichen, moths, hoverflies and craneflies [2:6].

# Veteran trees, wood pasture and parkland

There is 650ha of parkland and wood pasture priority habitat recorded in the PDNP, principally on estates, with the largest extents being at Chatsworth and Lyme Park. Most estates with parkland have a management plan for maintenance and planting of new trees. However, veteran field boundary trees are unlikely to be replaced and loss will accelerate due to ash dieback.

A 2008 survey led by Derbyshire Wildlife Trust recorded 1,277 veteran trees in the Derbyshire area of the PDNP. The total number of veteran trees elsewhere in the PDNP is currently unknown. Further research is needed to quantify the extent of veteran trees across the rest of the PDNP.

# Plantation woodland

There is approximately 6,140ha of plantation mapped in the PDNP, of which around 50% (3,100ha) is conifer. 730ha of plantation woodland has been planted on ancient woodland sites. The PDNP Authority is currently undertaking a programme of survey of plantation on ancient woodland sites in partnership with the Woodland Trust.

Plantations can be coniferous, broadleaved or a mix of both. Many of the conifer-dominated plantations are being converted into broadleaved woodland and other upland habitats. Most plantations are not regarded as of high value for nature conservation. However, if sensitively managed, they can contribute to the range of woodland ground flora and wildlife in an area. Additionally, some species do specialise in conifer habitats, such as crossbill and nightjar.

Plantation woodland also includes new clough woodland creation as part of ongoing moorland restoration. The Moors for the Future Clough Woodland Project also facilitated the planting of over 500ha [8], including almost 300ha as part of a programme of works by the National Trust.

# Scrub and hedges

Scrub and hedges have not been mapped or surveyed adequately to calculate their extent in the PDNP. Further research is needed on both the extent and condition of scrub and hedges, in particular the need to identify potentially important sites. At present, hedgerow condition is estimated to be generally poor, with hedges generally being species-poor in the PDNP compared to other areas [2:7]. However, some hedges are still classed as ‘important’, as some areas of the uplands have a lower threshold for such classification [9].

Hedgerows are not a major feature of the PDNP landscape, except in main river corridors and in some areas around the fringes of the PDNP. Typical species in and supported by scrub and hedges include hazel, gorse, ash, dark-red helleborine, willow warbler and thrushes. They are especially important for providing a berry food source and shelter for winter migrants such as fieldfare and redwing.

# Grassland

of land in the PDNP is grassland, most of which has been improved for agriculture

The PDNP is roughly 50% grassland, making grasslands its main habitat. However, most grassland has been agriculturally improved (72% of the total grassland habitats mapped). Such management removes most broad-leaved plants, furthers dominance by grasses and produces a poor environment for wildlife. This is in line with global trends, with temperate grasslands being considered the most altered terrestrial ecosystem on the planet [10].

What are the gaps in our research & data?

  • Up to date surveys of grassland habitats
  • Survey to understand the variation in lead rake communities and the effects of management to better protect calaminarian grassland
  • Resurvey of hay meadows to assess if declines are continuing
  • Survey of the White Peak plateau to assess habitat change and change in condition compared to baseline surveys carried out as part of agri-environment schemes
  • The potential of species-rich semi-improved grasslands to revert to priority grassland habitats
  • Update of limestone heath survey carried out in 1998.

# Limestone (calcareous) grassland

There is 1,223ha of calcareous grasslands mapped in the PDNP. Most is within designated sites, primarily SSSIs, but 27% still does not have any protection. The limestone grassland in the PDNP is of international importance, but is becoming increasingly fragmented – now mostly confined to the dales and steep-sided slopes where intensification is more difficult [2:8].

Lowland calcareous grassland is a priority habitat under Section 41 of the NERC Act 2006. All limestone grasslands are in the White Peak, where they are confined by the underlying geology. They are the most biologically-rich habitat in the PDNP, supporting some of our rarest species, such as the nationally scarce spring cinquefoil [2:9].

# Calaminarian grassland (including lead rakes)

There are only 30ha of calaminarian grass in the PDNP. One third of this comprises small patches under 1ha. Less than one third is within designated sites. Calaminarian grasslands in Derbyshire were comprehensively surveyed in 2011.

Lead rakes, where lead was mined and waste materials left on the surface, occur as lines or masses of hummocks and hollows across plateau fields, dale slopes, in dale bottoms or around lead mines. The calaminarian grasslands that have formed here are unique to each site; a complex reflection of historical, management and environmental factors. Where metal levels are higher at the surface, a unique range of rare, metal-tolerant plants occur including spring sandwort (known locally as leadwort), little fern, moonwort, and frog and fragrant orchids [11].

This habitat has a very restricted occurrence and, with calaminarian grasslands in Britain being different to most of those found elsewhere in Europe, sites in the Peak District are considered to be of international importance. A 2011 report estimated there to be 109ha of calaminarian grassland in the UK, with sites in Derbyshire representing around 17% of the total area [15]. In particular, Gang Mine nature reserve in Derbyshire contains the richest anthropogenic calaminarian grasslands in the UK, with many of the plant species likely to be district genotypes adapted to these heavy metal-rich soils [12].

Due to the restricted nature of the habitat, calaminarian grasslands tend to be small and fragmented. Where they occur as part of a larger mosaic of high quality habitats, they add a diversity that is an important part of the overall biodiversity of an area.

# Lowland meadows (including enclosed pastures and hay meadows)

There are 1,745ha lowland meadows mapped in the PDNP. Hay meadows form 854ha of this area. Of this, 387ha (45%) are in the White Peak and 389ha (45%) are in the South West Peak. Derbyshire Wildlife Trust found a 91% loss of semi-natural grassland (meadows and pasture) between 1983 and 1999 in lowland Derbyshire from an already low baseline [13]. This is similar to the national decline, with 97% of the lowland meadows in England and Wales being lost between 1930 and 1984 [14]. Almost 200ha of hay meadows have not been surveyed in the past 10 years, therefore more research is needed to show up-to-date trends across the whole PDNP.

Lowland meadows include enclosed pastures and hay meadows. Those that are valuable are the traditionally managed ones, rich in wildflowers, and are an important asset to our wildlife, culture and natural beauty. These grasslands support a variety of bees, butterflies and many other invertebrates, both common and rare. They also support breeding birds such as meadow pipit and skylark.

# Acid grassland

8,629ha of acid grassland is mapped in the PDNP, making it more extensive than all other grassland types except poor and improved. Most is in the Dark Peak (65%) and South West Peak (29%). Most of this (6,570ha) is ‘lowland dry acid grassland’ priority habitat. Many acid grasslands lie within designated sites such as SACs and SSSIs (48% of priority lowland dry acid grassland is within SSSI designated sites) or are under sympathetic ownership or management.

Acid grassland fringes many of the heathlands and blanket bogs in the PDNP. It supports a range of important PDNP flora and fauna species. Much species-rich acid grassland was lost in the 20th century due to agricultural improvement and afforestation [2:10].

# Purple moor-grass and rush pasture

There is 257ha of purple moor-grass and rush pasture priority habitat mapped in the PDNP, most of which is in the South West Peak.

Purple moor-grass is a deciduous grass that can form substantial tussocks which dominate over large areas in the right conditions. 50% of this wet grassland is estimated to have been lost in the PDNP in the last two decades of the 20th century due to drainage and changes in rush management increasing nutrients in the soil [2:11]. This priority habitat is essential for breeding waders such as lapwing and snipe. Despite being relatively species poor, it also supports some once-widespread plants such as ragged robin and devil’s bit scabious.

# Species-rich semi-improved grassland

8,207ha of species-rich semi-improved grassland has been mapped in the PDNP. 81% of this grassland occurs outside designated sites such as SSSIs, putting it at higher risk of being lost.

These are grasslands that have had only a small amount of improvement. Many retain some widespread but declining flowering plants that can tolerate a small level of nutrient enrichment or slight changes in cutting and grazing regime, such as red clover or common vetch. These semi-improved grasslands have the highest potential to be restored to priority habitats such as lowland meadows.

# Improved and species-poor semi-improved grassland

This type of grassland has not been systematically mapped, but there is estimated to be more of this grassland than any other in the PDNP, particularly in the White Peak. There are 13,627ha mapped. It is likely to be increasing in area.

Improved grasslands are poor in plant species and offer a low quality habitat for other wildlife. However, they support some common and widespread species (depending on intensity of use) and have the potential to be used for carbon storage and sequestration to combat climate change, alongside providing feed for livestock.

Small-scale practical field trials in the White Peak are looking to improve the capacity of these habitats to deliver public goods by creating rough grasslands with scrub, tussocky grassland field margins and herbal leys.

# Limestone heath

The patches of limestone heath remaining in the PDNP are extremely small – with the exception of the area on Longstone Moor – and fragmented. 214ha have been mapped. Limestone heath was once widespread in the White Peak, but is now generally limited to road verges and along trails and footpaths. This trend is reflected nationally, where around 75% of limestone heath was lost in the 20th century [15].

Limestone heath is normally dominated by heather, interspersed with bilberry, grasses and herbs. Some sites include outcrops of limestone and lead rakes. Although the remaining sites are relatively well protected, most have not been adequately surveyed since 1998. A re-survey of the remaining limestone heath sites is required in order to understand whether protections and management plans are working.

# Moorland

of land cover in the PDNP is moorland which is predominantly found in the Dark Peak

Moorland covers approximately 30% of the PDNP, predominantly in the Dark Peak and parts of the South West Peak. As 75% of the world’s remaining heather moorland can be found in the UK [16], and the blanket bog in the Peak District has the potential to contribute to the mitigation of climate change by storing large amounts of carbon, the PDNP’s moorland is an extremely valuable habitat.

PDNP moorlands make up a significant part of the South Pennines SAC and SPA. The moorlands, and in particular the blanket bog, have a long history of being in poor condition. Efforts are being made to restore the moorlands as a habitat with great success, but restoring to favourable condition takes a long time and overall they remain degraded.

What are the gaps in our research & data?

  • Mapping extent of phytophthora ramorum on bilberry to determine effects on biosecurity and moorland management
  • Compare sheep and cattle grazing effects on moorland to inform moorland restoration and management
  • Update mapping with habitat restoration works
  • Update map with outcrops and scree across the PDNP.

# Blanket bog

There are approximately 19,700ha of blanket bog in the PDNP, the vast majority of which (89%) is in the Dark Peak. About 9% of UK blanket bog is found within the PDNP. Almost the entire area is designated SAC, SPA and SSSI, recognising the national and international importance of this habitat. The SPA designation is due to the importance of moorlands in supporting internationally important breeding populations of golden plover, merlin and dunlin. The Dark Peak SSSI designation also features other bird species: meadow pipit, red grouse, curlew, twite, ring ouzel, wheatear and whinchat. A range of other important birds as well as invertebrates, mountain hare, red deer, adder and common lizard are also found on PDNP moorlands.

Blanket bog and associated peatlands are more widespread than any other habitat in the PDNP moorlands and are important not only as a habitat but also as a store of carbon. However, peat in the PDNP is no longer accumulating as it should and research suggests that the region’s peatlands have become a source rather than a sink of carbon, contributing to climate change [2:12].

After a long period of loss and degradation, the amount of blanket bog in the PDNP is currently relatively stable. The issue remains the condition of the blanket bog. A combination of damaging factors, including peat cutting, air pollution, drainage, managed burning and wildfires, has resulted in blanket bog that is drier than it should be, with gullying and erosion in many areas. The work of the Moors for the Future partnership and others has begun to reverse this trend, by revegetating the exposed peat and rewetting the moor.

# Dwarf shrub heath

The total amount of upland heathland mapped in the PDNP is approximately 13,640ha, most of which is within designated sites in the Dark Peak. There are around 13,070ha of dry dwarf shrub heath and 570ha of wet dwarf shrub heath.

Dwarf shrub heath tends to occur on shallower peats, peaty soils or mineral soils below the peat-clad plateaux. While heather is usually the dominant species, sometimes alongside wavy hair-grass, this is typically due to management for grouse productivity or sheep grazing rather than a natural state. In the richer areas, bilberry, cowberry and crowberry form mixtures with heather.

# Upland flushes, fens and swamps

The total area of this habitat mapped is 641ha, most of which occupies valley sides in the Dark Peak and South West Peak. Each area tends to be very small, so many flushes contribute to this total.

This habitat significantly diversifies the flora of the moorlands and often supports a wide variety of plant species, some of which are rare in the area, such as the insectivorous round-leaved sundew, lesser skullcap and ivy-leaved bellflower (at the eastern edge of its national distribution here). They also support snipe, contributing to the international importance of the moorlands.

# Bracken

Bracken as a habitat is not recorded systematically within the PDNP, although it is mapped in some areas. The area of bracken changes continuously, so it would not be practical to map bracken across the PDNP. It was estimated that bracken cover had expanded by 1% per year since the 1960s in a sample area of the Dark Peak. Expansion tended to be at higher altitudes than in the past and occurring more on north- and east-facing slopes, where previously it had been more characteristic of south-facing slopes. Such expansion could be an indicator of climate change, particularly a reduction in frost days and warmer winters [17].

Many bracken patches occur in unenclosed acid grassland. This mosaic is an important habitat for twite (one of our rarest and declining breeding bird species), whinchat and ring ouzel

# Outcrops and scree

No detailed survey of rock and scree plant or animal communities in the PDNP has been carried out, but some rock outcrops and scree have been mapped. Outcrops and scree occur mainly on the moorland but also in the White Peak, where limestone reef atolls cut through the grassland.

Gritstone outcrops and screes are important habitats, although limited in extent, and important for a variety of wildlife including beech fern and oak fern, mosses, lichens and ring ouzel. Larger rock outcrops may support nests of raven and peregrine.

# Wetlands and watercourses

of wetlands in the PDNP have been lost since Roman times

Wetlands in the PDNP are an important habitat for a range of species. They are also important in both a national and global context. Wetlands are rapidly declining with over 85% lost globally and 90% lost in the UK since Roman times [18].

Most wetlands and watercourses are part of an integrated and complex suite of habitats, which can include stream-side woodlands, tall herbs and marsh, and fringing trees and scrub.

What are the gaps in our research & data?

  • Pond surveys by parish, using community engagement to monitor local ponds and assess loss and change in condition.

# Rivers and streams

The PDNP is covered by six different catchments: the Dove, Derbyshire Derwent, Don and Rother, and Aire and Calder, which all flow into the Humber; the Upper Mersey; and the Weaver Gowy, which flows into the Mersey.

The Environment Agency monitors the condition of watercourses throughout England and assigns them a status under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Many rivers and streams are also part of the SACs and SSSIs. The PDNP has approximately 400km of main rivers and brooks for which there is WFD status available. Of these, one has poor status, 25 are classed as moderate and 15 have good status. Another four watercourses have their source in the PDNP, mostly rising from the moors.

# Lakes and reservoirs

There are 46 reservoirs recorded in the PDNP, covering 1,153ha. Four are in the South West Peak, with the remaining 42 in the Dark Peak. Lakes in the PDNP are rare, mostly man-made and found in large parks such as Lyme and Chatsworth.

Overall, the reservoirs do not support many plant species, although some support rare mosses. The reservoirs are important for birds such as common sandpiper, black-headed gull and various ducks and waders.

# Ponds

There has been a significant loss of ponds in the PDNP, with up to 50% of ponds potentially lost [2:13]. This is similar to the loss across the UK. The White Peak has 2,206 ponds remaining, the Dark Peak 494 and the South West Peak 232. Of these remaining ponds, 402 are recorded as of being high value and classed as priority habitat, primarily due to the presence of priority amphibians – toad and great crested newt.

Of the ponds that hold great crested newt (European Protected Species under Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive and a priority species), almost half (97 out of 216) are dew ponds, showing the importance of these ponds to this species.

# Lowland fen, reedbeds and other wetland habitats

There is approximately 25ha of lowland fen mapped in the PDNP. Most of the lowland fens that have been mapped occur in the White Peak. They are extremely small and fragmented, but generally in good condition and form an important component of the habitat mosaic. Fens are peatlands that receive water and nutrients from the soil, rocks, ground water and rainfall. Poor-fens, where water is derived from base-poor rock such as the granites of the Dark Peak, occur mainly in the uplands. Rich-fens are fed by mineral-enriched calcareous waters and are found mainly in the lowlands.

There are very few reedbeds in the PDNP. Most are extremely small, planted and used by water companies for water purification. The most notable reedbed is that at an old quarry site near Stoney Middleton, which supports a winter roost of several thousand starlings. Reedbed habitats are also important as nesting sites for harvest mice and other rodents, as well as birds such as reed bunting.

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  2. P. Anderson, “State of Nature in the Peak District,” Nature Peak District, 2016. ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎ ↩︎

  3. B. Law and C. Dickman, “The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: Implications for conservation and management,” Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 323-333, 1998. ↩︎

  4. Forest Research, “Woodland Statistics,” [Online]. Available: https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/woodland-statistics/. [Accessed 2019]. ↩︎

  5. Natural England, “Ancient Woodland Inventory available as open source data,” [Online]. Available: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/9461f463-c363-4309-ae77-fdcd7e9df7d3/ancient-woodland-england. [Accessed 2019]. ↩︎

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  7. Natural England, Dales Ash Dieback Monitoring Project (available on request), 2015. ↩︎

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  11. Peak District National Park Authority, “Calaminarian Grasslands,” [Online]. Available: https://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/./img/pdf_file/0027/47970/calaminarian-grasslands.pdf. [Accessed 2020]. ↩︎

  12. JNCC, “Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae,” [Online]. Available: https://sac.jncc.gov.uk/habitat/H6130/. [Accessed 2020]. ↩︎

  13. Derbyshire Wildlife Trust, “Changes in the extent of semi-natursl grassland in lowland Derbyshire between 1983 and 1999 and recommendations for future conservation action,” 2001. ↩︎

  14. R. Fuller, “The changing extent and conservation interest of lowland grasslands in England and Wales: a review of grassland surveys 1930-1984,” Biological Conservation, vol. 40, pp. 281-300, 1987. ↩︎

  15. P. Anderson, “The limestone heaths of the Peak District - Their ecology, decline and wildlife value,” Peak Park Joint Planning Board unpublished report, 1984 ↩︎

  16. “Moors for the Future,” [Online]. Available: https://www.moorsforthefuture.org.uk/our-purpose/habitats-for-wildlife/boggy-facts-and-figures. [Accessed 2019]. ↩︎

  17. J. McAlpine, “An assessment of the extent, distribution and change of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) in the Peak District National Park,” Nottingham Trent University, no. PhD, 2014. ↩︎

  18. RSPB. [Online]. Available: http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/our-work/rspb-news/news/283477-wetland-loss-threatens-wildlife-and-people-. [Accessed 2019]. ↩︎

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